3.11RoboticsAIandExpertSystem

=3.11 Robotics, artificial intelligence and expert systems= The increasing capability of IT systems has allowed developers to implement systems that attempt to understand and imitate human behaviour. These systems have already had profound effects on society, although their effectiveness is largely determined by the accuracy of the algorithms that underpin them. The increasing use of robotics, artificial intelligence (AI) and expert systems raises a range of ethical issues. For example, at which point should humans hand over key decision-making to a computer? Should robots have the same rights as humans? What social impacts might arise with the replacement of human workers or the creation of smart weapons? A hospital administrator is considering using a computer-controlled robotic device to assist with knee surgery. The robotic system models the patient’s knee area prior to surgery. During the procedure the robot is controlled by the surgeon using a joystick. The system eliminates the effects of tremors in the surgeon’s hands and limits the range of movement of the cutter to areas of the knee that have been predetermined by the model. Although there are claims that the surgery is less invasive and patients have a shorter recovery time, questions may be raised about the reliability and the cost of the system. __Robotics__ • Input devices: for example, camera, sensors, microphones • Output devices: for example, claws, wheels, motors, relays, speakers • Robot, android, cyborg • Sensors: for example, heat, proximity, magnetism, light, humidity, pH __Artificial intelligence__ • Artificial intelligence versus computational intelligence • Man or machine: Turing test, CAPTCHA (completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart) • Capabilities and limitations: for example, learning to identify human emotions, evaluation of living things and machines (intuition, prior knowledge, judgment) • AI techniques: searching, pattern recognition, heuristics, machine learning • Fuzzy logic, set theory • Machine learning: can machines become independent? • Natural language communication and translators • Neural networks: similarity to biological systems • Pattern recognition: OCR (optical character recognition), image analysis, speech recognition, speech synthesizers • Processing and storage requirements __Expert systems__ • Collection, creation and maintenance of knowledge base • Creation of inference engine, inference rule (“if–then” rules), chaining, suitable domains for expert systems • Expert systems, knowledge base, knowledge engineer, expert system shells, inference engine, domain, common-sense knowledge • Purpose of an algorithm within expert systems: for example, fault finding, product development Applications of robotics, artificial intelligence and expert systems • Embedded systems: for example, cell/mobile phones, GPS, washing machines • Internet search engines • Smart systems: for example, used at home or in warfare, medicine, cars • Use of artificial intelligence (AI): for example, language translation, chess, voice recognition, modelling, games, predictive text, business intelligence systems • Use of expert systems: for example, medical diagnosis, fault diagnosis, flight simulators, fraud detection • Use of robots: for example, in industry, health, warfare, airlines, space, underwater exploration
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